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IP forwarding also known as Internet routing is a process used to determine which path a packet or datagram can be sent. The process uses routing information to make decisions and is designed to send a packet over multiple networks. Generally, networks are separated from each other by routers. For packets to travel between networks, they must be “routed” from one network to another. These routers contain a routing table that can contain specific instructions on how to send packets to a destination network (known as a route), or a set of generic instructions on where to send packets that do not match any of the other specified routes (called a default route), or both. These routes can either be hard-coded into the router by the network administrator (called a static route), or learned dynamically via a routing protocol. These routes give the routers instructions on how to utilize the physical network infrastructure that is in place to get packets to their destination, regardless of the number of hops that they must take to get there. Ideally, IP forwarding algorithms would take into account a datagram's length, the type of service specified in the datagram's header, and the network load to determine the best path to send a packet to its intended destination. In general, most routing software determines its route through a shortest path algorithm. However, there are other routing protocols that use other factors (known as metrics) to determine the best path. Each path is given a “cost,” and the algorithms within a router’s operating system use this cost to determine where and how to send the packets. The calculation of these costs can include the bandwidth or utilization of the link between routers, or the speed that the connection is operating at. Different protocols are also used for different applications (for example, protocols such as Open Shortest Path First are generally used for routing packets between subnetworks within an organization’s network, and protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol are used for routing outside of them).〔Comer, Douglas E. (2000). Internetworking with TCP/IP (4 ed.). Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.〕 In addition to calculating route cost, routing protocols also broadcast and share their known routes to other routers. This functionality comes with several benefits. Instead of requiring a network administrator to program each individual router with the relevant routes, he or she would only need to program a small number of routers (from which the other would learn the programmed routes). This has the added flexibility of being able to recover from an outage automatically. If a route becomes unavailable for some reason, the routing protocol can detect this and automatically send packets over an alternate route. This functionality can be invaluable in situations where network redundancy is required. ==IP routing algorithm== The IP forwarding algorithm, commonly known as IP routing, is a specific implementation of routing for IP networks. In order to achieve a successful transfer of data the algorithm uses a routing table to select a next-hop router as the next destination for a datagram. The IP address that is selected is known as the ''next-hop address.''〔Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, protocols, and architecture By Douglas Comer〕 When several destinations are matching, the route with the longest subnet mask is chosen (the most specific one). There can be only one default route. The IP forwarding algorithm states: Given a destination IP address, D, and network prefix, N:
When there is no route available an ICMP error message is sent to the originator of the packet, to inform that host that the packet could not be delivered, and to avoid unnecessary retransmission and possibly subsequent network congestion. The sending host should either stop transmitting, or choose another address or route. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「IP forwarding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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